Biology 4BI1 — specification explorer

All 176 specification statements from the official Pearson Edexcel specification, as printed — filter by paper, unit or tier exactly as Pearson Edexcel assesses them.

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1. The nature and variety of living organisms

1. Characteristics of living organisms

1.1
understand how living organisms share the following characteristics:
- they require nutrition
- they respire
- they excrete their waste
- they respond to their surroundings
- they move
- they control their internal conditions
- they reproduce
- they grow and develop.
Paper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

2. Variety of living organisms

1.2describe the common features shown by eukaryotic organisms: plants, animals, fungi and protoctists Plants: these are multicellular organisms; their cells contain chloroplasts and are able to carry out photosynthesis; their cells have cellulose cell walls; they store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose. Examples include flowering plants, such as a cereal (for example, maize), and a herbaceous legume (for example, peas or beans). Animals: these are multicellular organisms; their cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able to carry out photosynthesis; they have no cell walls; they usually have nervous co-ordination and are able to move from one place to another; they often store carbohydrate as glycogen. Examples include mammals (for example, humans) and insects (for example, housefly and mosquito). Fungi: these are organisms that are not able to carry out photosynthesis; their body is usually organised into a mycelium made from thread-like structures called hyphae, which contain many nuclei; some examples are single-celled; their cells have walls made of chitin; they feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products; this is known as saprotrophic nutrition; they may store carbohydrate as glycogen. Examples include Mucor , which has the typical fungal hyphal structure, and yeast, which is single-celled. Protoctists: these are microscopic single-celled organisms. Some, like Amoeba , that live in pond water, have features like an animal cell, while others, like Chlorella , have chloroplasts and are more like plants. A pathogenic example is Plasmodium , responsible for causing malaria.Paper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
1.3describe the common features shown by prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria Bacteria: these are microscopic single-celled organisms; they have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids; they lack a nucleus but contain a circular chromosome of DNA; some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis but most feed off other living or dead organisms. Examples include Lactobacillus bulgaricus , a rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yoghurt from milk, and Pneumococcus , a spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia.Paper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
1.4understand the term pathogen and know that pathogens may include fungi, bacteria, protoctists or viruses Viruses: these are not living organisms. They are small particles, smaller than bacteria; they are parasitic and can reproduce only inside living cells; they infect every type of living organism. They have a wide variety of shapes and sizes; they have no cellular structure but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. Examples include the tobacco mosaic virus that causes discolouring of the leaves of tobacco plants by preventing the formation of chloroplasts, the influenza virus that causes ‘flu’ and the HIV virus that causes AIDS.Paper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

2. Structure and functions in living organisms

1. Level of organisation

2.1describe the levels of organisation in organisms: organelles, cells, tissues, organs and systemsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

2. Cell structure

2.2describe cell structures, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes and vacuolePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.3describe the functions of the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes and vacuolePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.4know the similarities and differences in the structure of plant and animal cellsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.5Bexplain the importance of cell differentiation in the development of specialised cellsPaper 2B
2.6Bunderstand the advantages and disadvantages of using stem cells in medicinePaper 2B

3. Biological molecules

2.7identify the chemical elements present in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats and oils)Paper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.8describe the structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids as large molecules made up from smaller basic units: starch and glycogen from simple sugars, protein from amino acids, and lipid from fatty acids and glycerolPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.9practical: investigate food samples for the presence of glucose, starch, protein and fatPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.10understand the role of enzymes as biological catalysts in metabolic reactionsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.11understand how temperature changes can affect enzyme function, including changes to the shape of active sitePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.12practical: investigate how enzyme activity can be affected by changes in temperaturePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.13understand how enzyme function can be affected by changes in pH altering the active sitePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.14Bpractical: investigate how enzyme activity can be affected by changes in pHPaper 2B

4. Movement of substances into and out of cells

2.15understand the processes of diffusion, osmosis and active transport by which substances move into and out of cellsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.16understand how factors affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of cells, including the effects of surface area to volume ratio, distance, temperature and concentration gradientPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.17practical: investigate diffusion and osmosis using living and non-living systemsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

5. Nutrition

2.18understand the process of photosynthesis and its importance in the conversion of light energy to chemical energyPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.19know the word equation and the balanced chemical symbol equation for photosynthesisPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.20understand how varying carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity and temperature affect the rate of photosynthesisPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.21describe the structure of the leaf and explain how it is adapted for photosynthesisPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.22understand that plants require mineral ions for growth, and that magnesium ions are needed for chlorophyll and nitrate ions are needed for amino acidsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.23practical: investigate photosynthesis, showing the evolution of oxygen from a water plant, the production of starch and the requirements of light, carbon dioxide and chlorophyllPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.24understand that a balanced diet should include appropriate proportions of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fibrePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.25identify the sources and describe the functions of carbohydrate, protein, lipid (fats and oils), vitamins A, C and D, the mineral ions calcium and iron, water and dietary fibre as components of the dietPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.26understand how energy requirements vary with activity levels, age and pregnancyPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.27describe the structure and function of the human alimentary canal, including the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum and ileum), large intestine (colon and rectum) and pancreasPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.28understand how food is moved through the gut by peristalsisPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.29understand the role of digestive enzymes, including the digestion of starch to glucose by amylase and maltase, the digestion of proteins to amino acids by proteases and the digestion of lipids to fatty acids and glycerol by lipasesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.30understand that bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladderPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.31understand the role of bile in neutralising stomach acid and emulsifying lipidsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.32understand how the small intestine is adapted for absorption, including the structure of a villusPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.33Bpractical: investigate the energy content in a food samplePaper 2B

6. Respiration

2.34understand how the process of respiration produces ATP in living organismsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.35know that ATP provides energy for cellsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.36describe the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respirationPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.37know the word equation and the balanced chemical symbol equation for aerobic respiration in living organismsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.38know the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and in animalsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.39practical: investigate the evolution of carbon dioxide and heat from respiring seeds or other suitable living organismsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

7. Gas exchange

2.40Bunderstand the role of diffusion in gas exchangePaper 2B
2.41Bunderstand gas exchange (of carbon dioxide and oxygen) in relation to respiration and photosynthesisPaper 2B
2.42Bunderstand how the structure of the leaf is adapted for gas exchangePaper 2B
2.43Bdescribe the role of stomata in gas exchangePaper 2B
2.44Bunderstand how respiration continues during the day and night, but that the net exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen depends on the intensity of lightPaper 2B
2.45Bpractical: investigate the effect of light on net gas exchange from a leaf, using hydrogen-carbonate indicatorPaper 2B
2.46describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and pleural membranesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.47understand the role of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in ventilationPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.48explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in capillariesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.49understand the biological consequences of smoking in relation to the lungs and the circulatory system, including coronary heart diseasePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.50practical: investigate breathing in humans, including the release of carbon dioxide and the effect of exercisePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

8. Transport

2.51understand why simple, unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of the cellPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.52understand the need for a transport system in multicellular organismsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.53describe the role of phloem in transporting sucrose and amino acids between the leaves and other parts of the plantPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.54describe the role of xylem in transporting water and mineral ions from the roots to other parts of the plantPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.55Bunderstand how water is absorbed by root hair cellsPaper 2B
2.56Bunderstand that transpiration is the evaporation of water from the surface of a plantPaper 2B
2.57Bunderstand how the rate of transpiration is affected by changes in humidity, wind speed, temperature and light intensityPaper 2B
2.58Bpractical: investigate the role of environmental factors in determining the rate of transpiration from a leafy shootPaper 2B
2.59describe the composition of the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasmaPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.60understand the role of plasma in the transport of carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones and heat energyPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.61understand how adaptations of red blood cells make them suitable for the transport of oxygen, including shape, the absence of a nucleus and the presence of haemoglobinPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.62understand how the immune system responds to disease using white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and lymphocytes releasing antibodies specific to the pathogenPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.63Bunderstand how vaccination results in the manufacture of memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantityPaper 2B
2.64Bunderstand how platelets are involved in blood clotting, which prevents blood loss and the entry of micro-organismsPaper 2B
2.65describe the structure of the heart and how it functionsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.66explain how the heart rate changes during exercise and under the influence of adrenalinePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.67understand how factors may increase the risk of developing coronary heart diseasePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.68understand how the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries relate to their functionPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.69understand the general structure of the circulation system, including the blood vessels to and from the heart and lungs, liver and kidneysPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

9. Excretion

2.70understand the origin of carbon dioxide and oxygen as waste products of metabolism and their loss from the stomata of a leafPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.71know the excretory products of the lungs, kidneys and skin (organs of excretion)Paper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.72Bunderstand how the kidney carries out its roles of excretion and osmoregulationPaper 2B
2.73Bdescribe the structure of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethraPaper 2B
2.74Bdescribe the structure of a nephron, including the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle and collecting ductPaper 2B
2.75Bdescribe ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s capsule and the composition of the glomerular filtratePaper 2B
2.76Bunderstand how water is reabsorbed into the blood from the collecting ductPaper 2B
2.77Bunderstand why selective reabsorption of glucose occurs at the proximal convoluted tubulePaper 2B
2.78Bdescribe the role of ADH in regulating the water content of the bloodPaper 2B
2.79Bunderstand that urine contains water, urea and ionsPaper 2B

10. Co-ordination and response

2.80understand how organisms are able to respond to changes in their environmentPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.81understand that homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, and that body water content and body temperature are both examples of homeostasisPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.82understand that a co-ordinated response requires a stimulus, a receptor and an effectorPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.83understand that plants respond to stimuliPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.84describe the geotropic and phototropic responses of roots and stemsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.85understand the role of auxin in the phototropic response of stemsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.86describe how nervous and hormonal communication control responses and understand the differences between the two systemsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.87understand that the central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and is linked to sense organs by nervesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.88understand that stimulation of receptors in the sense organs sends electrical impulses along nerves into and out of the central nervous system, resulting in rapid responsesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.89understand the role of neurotransmitters at synapsesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.90describe the structure and functioning of a simple reflex arc illustrated by the withdrawal of a finger from a hot objectPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.91describe the structure and function of the eye as a receptorPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.92understand the function of the eye in focusing on near and distant objects, and in responding to changes in light intensityPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.93describe the role of the skin in temperature regulation, with reference to sweating, vasoconstriction and vasodilationPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.94understand the sources, roles and effects of the following hormones: adrenaline, insulin, testosterone, progesterone and oestrogenPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
2.95Bunderstand the sources, roles and effects of the following hormones: ADH, FSH and LHPaper 2B

3. Reproduction and inheritance

1. Reproduction

3.1understand the differences between sexual and asexual reproductionPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.2understand that fertilisation involves the fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryoPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.3describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and a wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is adapted for pollinationPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.4understand that the growth of the pollen tube followed by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formationPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.5practical: investigate the conditions needed for seed germinationPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.6understand how germinating seeds utilise food reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesisPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.7understand that plants can reproduce asexually by natural methods (illustrated by runners) and by artificial methods (illustrated by cuttings)Paper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.8understand how the structure of the male and female reproductive systems are adapted for their functionsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.9understand the roles of oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cyclePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.10Bunderstand the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cyclePaper 2B
3.11describe the role of the placenta in the nutrition of the developing embryoPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.12understand how the developing embryo is protected by amniotic fluidPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.13understand the roles of oestrogen and testosterone in the development of secondary sexual characteristicsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

2. Inheritance

3.14understand that the genome is the entire DNA of an organism and that a gene is a section of a molecule of DNA that codes for a specific proteinPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.15understand that the nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes on which genes are locatedPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.16Bdescribe a DNA molecule as two strands coiled to form a double helix, the strands being linked by a series of paired bases: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G)Paper 2B
3.17Bunderstand that an RNA molecule is single stranded and contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)Paper 2B
3.18Bdescribe the stages of protein synthesis including transcription and translation, including the role of mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, codons and anticodonsPaper 2B
3.19understand how genes exist in alternative forms called alleles which give rise to differences in inherited characteristicsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.20understand the meaning of the terms: dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, and genotypePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.21Bunderstand the meaning of the term codominancePaper 2B
3.22understand that most phenotypic features are the result of polygenic inheritance rather than single genesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.23describe patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagramPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.24understand how to interpret family pedigreesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.25predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid crossesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.26understand how the sex of a person is controlled by one pair of chromosomes, XX in a female and XY in a malePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.27describe the determination of the sex of offspring at fertilisation, using a genetic diagramPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.28understand how division of a diploid cell by mitosis produces two cells that contain identical sets of chromosomesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.29understand that mitosis occurs during growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproductionPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.30understand how division of a cell by meiosis produces four cells, each with half the number of chromosomes, and that this results in the formation of genetically different haploid gametesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.31understand how random fertilisation produces genetic variation of offspringPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.32know that in human cells the diploid number of chromosomes is 46 and the haploid number is 23Paper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.33understand that variation within a species can be genetic, environmental, or a combination of bothPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.34understand that mutation is a rare, random change in genetic material that can be inheritedPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.35Bunderstand how a change in DNA can affect the phenotype by altering the sequence of amino acids in a proteinPaper 2B
3.36Bunderstand how most genetic mutations have no effect on the phenotype, some have a small effect and rarely do they have a significant effectPaper 2B
3.37Bunderstand that the incidence of mutations can be increased by exposure to ionising radiation (for example, gamma rays, x-rays and ultraviolet rays) and some chemical mutagens (for example, chemicals in tobacco)Paper 2B
3.38explain Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selectionPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
3.39understand how resistance to antibiotics can increase in bacterial populations, and appreciate how such an increase can lead to infections being difficult to controlPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

4. Ecology and the environment

1. The organism in the environment

4.1understand the terms population, community, habitat and ecosystemPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
4.2practical: investigate the population size of an organism in two different areas using quadratsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
4.3Bunderstand the term biodiversityPaper 2B
4.4Bpractical: investigate the distribution of organisms in their habitats and measure biodiversity using quadratsPaper 2B
4.5understand how abiotic and biotic factors affect the population size and distribution of organismsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

2. Feeding relationships

4.6understand the names given to different trophic levels, including producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers and decomposersPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
4.7understand the concepts of food chains, food webs, pyramids of number, pyramids of biomass and pyramids of energy transferPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
4.8understand the transfer of substances and energy along a food chainPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
4.9understand why only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the nextPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

3. Cycles within ecosystems

4.10describe the stages in the carbon cycle, including respiration, photosynthesis, decomposition and combustionPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
4.11Bdescribe the stages in the nitrogen cycle, including the roles of nitrogen fixing bacteria, decomposers, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria (specific names of bacteria are not required)Paper 2B

4. Human influences on the environment

4.12understand the biological consequences of pollution of air by sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxidePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
4.13understand that water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and CFCs are greenhouse gasesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
4.14understand how human activities contribute to greenhouse gasesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
4.15understand how an increase in greenhouse gases results in an enhanced greenhouse effect and that this may lead to global warming and its consequencesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
4.16understand the biological consequences of pollution of water by sewagePaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
4.17understand the biological consequences of eutrophication caused by leached minerals from fertiliserPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
4.18Bunderstand the effects of deforestation, including leaching, soil erosion, disturbance of evapotranspiration and the carbon cycle, and the balance of atmospheric gasesPaper 2B

5. Use of biological resources

1. Food production

5.1describe how glasshouses and polythene tunnels can be used to increase the yield of certain cropsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.2understand the effects on crop yield of increased carbon dioxide and increased temperature in glasshousesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.3understand how the use of fertiliser can increase crop yieldPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.4understand the reasons for pest control and the advantages and disadvantages of using pesticides and biological control with crop plantsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.5understand the role of yeast in the production of food including breadPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.6practical: investigate the role of anaerobic respiration by yeast in different conditionsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.7understand the role of bacteria (Lactobacillus) in the production of yoghurtPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.8understand the use of an industrial fermenter and explain the need to provide suitable conditions in the fermenter, including aseptic precautions, nutrients, optimum temperature and pH, oxygenation and agitation, for the growth of micro- organismsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.9Bunderstand the methods used to farm large numbers of fish to provide a source of protein, including maintaining water quality, controlling intraspecific and interspecific predation, controlling disease, removing waste products, controlling the quality and frequency of feeding, and selective breedingPaper 2B

2. Selective breeding

5.10understand how selective breeding can develop plants with desired characteristicsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.11understand how selective breeding can develop animals with desired characteristicsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

3. Genetic modification (genetic engineering)

5.12understand how restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites and ligase enzymes are used to join pieces of DNA togetherPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.13understand how plasmids and viruses can act as vectors, which take up pieces of DNA, and then insert this recombinant DNA into other cellsPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.14understand how large amounts of human insulin can be manufactured from genetically modified bacteria that are grown in a fermenterPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.15understand how genetically modified plants can be used to improve food productionPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award
5.16understand that the term transgenic means the transfer of genetic material from one species to a different speciesPaper 1BPaper 2BAlso in Double Award

4. Cloning

5.17Bdescribe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in which explants are grown in vitroPaper 2B
5.18Bunderstand how micropropagation can be used to produce commercial quantities of genetically identical plants with desirable characteristicsPaper 2B
5.19Bdescribe the stages in the production of cloned mammals involving the introduction of a diploid nucleus from a mature cell into an enucleated egg cell, illustrated by Dolly the sheepPaper 2B
5.20Bunderstand how cloned transgenic animals can be used to produce human proteinsPaper 2B